DAFTAR PRIBUMI AMERIKA

Klasifikasi masyarakat adat Amerika didasarkan pada wilayah budaya, geografi, dan linguistik. Para antropolog telah menyebutkan berbagai wilayah budaya, dengan batas-batas yang berubah-ubah, yang umumnya disepakati dengan beberapa variasi. Wilayah budaya ini secara luas didasarkan pada lokasi masyarakat adat Amerika sejak awal kontak Eropa dan Afrika yang dimulai pada akhir abad ke-15. Ketika masyarakat adat dipindahkan secara paksa oleh negara-bangsa, mereka tetap mempertahankan klasifikasi geografis aslinya. Beberapa kelompok menjangkau berbagai wilayah budaya. Kanada, Greenland, Amerika Serikat, dan Meksiko utara Di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, para etnografer umumnya mengklasifikasikan masyarakat adat ke dalam sepuluh wilayah geografis dengan ciri-ciri budaya yang sama, yang disebut wilayah budaya.[1] Greenland adalah bagian dari wilayah Arktik. Beberapa ahli menggabungkan wilayah Dataran Tinggi dan Great Basin ke dalam Intermontane West, beberapa memisahkan masyarakat Prairie dari masyarakat Great Plains, sementara beberapa memisahkan suku Great Lakes dari Northeastern Woodlands. Arktik Peta dialek Inuktitut Bahasa Pribumi Awal di Alaska Paleo-Eskimo, budaya prasejarah, Rusia, Alaska, Kanada, Greenland, 2500 SM–1500 M Tradisi alat kecil Arktik, budaya prasejarah, 2500 SM, Selat Bering Pra-Dorset, Arktik bagian timur, 2500–500 SM Kebudayaan Saqqaq, Greenland, 2500–800 SM Kemerdekaan I, Kanada bagian timur laut dan Greenland, 2400–1800 SM Kebudayaan Kemerdekaan II, Kanada bagian timur laut dan Greenland, 800–1 SM) Groswater, Labrador dan Nunavik, Kanada Kebudayaan Dorset, 500 SM–1500 M, Alaska, Kanada Aleut (Unangan), Kepulauan Aleut Alaska, dan Kamchatka Krai, Rusia Inuit, Rusia, Alaska, Kanada, Greenland Thule, proto-Inuit, Alaska, Kanada, Greenland, 900–1500 M Budaya Birnirk, budaya Inuit prasejarah, Alaska, 500 M–900 M Inuit Greenland, Greenland Kalaallit, Greenland barat Avanersuarmiut (Inughuit), Greenland utara Tunumiit, Greenland timur Inuvialuit, Arktik Kanada bagian barat Iñupiat, Alaska utara dan barat laut Masyarakat Yupik (Yup'ik), Alaska dan Rusia Alutiiq (Sugpiaq, Pacific Yupik), Semenanjung Alaska, wilayah pesisir dan pulau di Alaska tengah selatan Orang Yup'ik Alaska Tengah, Alaska tengah barat Cup'ik, Hooper Bay dan Chevak, Alaska Orang Nunivak Cup'ig (Cup'ig), Pulau Nunivak, Alaska Yupik Siberia, Timur Jauh Rusia dan Pulau St. Lawrence, Alaska Chaplino Naukan Sirenik, Siberia Subarktik Artikel utama: Masyarakat adat di Subarctic Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna) Anishinaabe – lihat juga Hutan Timur Laut Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba Ojibwa (Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota Atikamekw, Quebec Chipewyan, pedalaman Alaska, Kanada Barat Cree, Kanada Tengah dan Timur, Dakota Utara Dakelh (Pembawa), British Columbia Babine, British Columbia Wet'suwet'en, British Columbia Deg Hit'an (Deg Xinag, Degexit'an, Kaiyuhkhotana), Alaska[2] Dena'ina (Tanaina), Alaska Dane-zaa (Berang-berang, Dunneza), Alberta, British Columbia Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheaux), Alaska, Yukon Han, Alaska, Yukon Holikachuk, Alaska Innu (Montagnais), Labrador, Quebec Kaska (Nahane) Kolchan (Kuskokwim Atas) Koyukon, Alaska Naskapi Sekani Sahtú (Budak Utara, Bearlake, Kelinci, Gunung), Wilayah Barat Laut Budak (Awokanak, Budak, Deh Gah Got'ine, Deh Cho), Alberta, British Columbia[3] Tagis Tahltan Tanana Bawah Tanana Tengah Tanana Atas Tancross Tasttine (Berang-berang) Tli Cho Tlingit Pedalaman Tsetsaut (punah) Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) Tutchone Utara Tutchone Selatan pisau kuning Pacific Northwest coast Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast Alsea, Oregon Heiltsuk Nuxalk Tsleil-Waututh First Nation Chehalis (Upper and Lower), Washington Chehalis (BC), Fraser Valley Chemakum, Washington (extinct) Chetco – see Tolowa Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, Wasco) Clallam – see Klallam Clatsop Comox, Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait Coos, Hanis, Oregon Lower Coquille (Miluk), Oregon Upper Coquille Cowichan, Southern Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait Quwutsun Somena Quamichan Lower Cowlitz, Washington Duwamish, Washington Eyak, Alaska Galice Gitxsan, British Columbia Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, Skidegate, Masset), BC & Alaska Haisla BC North/Central Coast Haihai Kimsquit Kitimaat Heiltsuk BC Central Coast Hoh Washington Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya, Tfalatim, Yamel, Yaquina, Yoncalla), Oregon Central Kalapuya, Oregon Ahantchuyuk Mary's River Lakmiut Mohawk, Oregon Santiam North Kalapuya, Oregon Tfalati (Atfalati) Tualatin Yamhill (Yamel) South Kalapuya (Yonkalla, Yoncalla), Oregon Klallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha), S'Klallam (Jamestown), S'Klallam (Port Gamble)) Klickitat Kwalhioqua Kwakwaka'wakw, British Columbia Koskimo 'Namgis Laich-kwil-tach (Euclataws or Yuculta) Lummi, Washington Makah, Washington Muckleshoot, Washington Musqueam, BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver) Nisga'a, British Columbia Nisqually, Washington Nooksack, Washington Nuu-chah-nulth West Coast of Vancouver Island Nuxalk (Bella Coola) – BC Central Coast Oowekeno – see Wuikinuxv Pentlatch, Vancouver Island and Georgia Strait Puyallup, Washington Quileute, Washington Quinault, Washington Rivers Inlet – see Wuikinuxv Rogue River or Upper Illinois (Chasta Costa), Oregon, California Saanich Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait Samish, Washington Sauk-Suiattle, Washington Sechelt, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh) Shoalwater Bay Tribe, Washington Siletz, Oregon Siuslaw, Oregon Skagit Skokomish, Washington Sliammon, BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Mainland Comox) Snohomish Snoqualmie Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo), Vancouver Island Songhees (Songish), Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca Sooke, Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca Squamish (Skwxwu7mesh), British Columbia Squaxin Island Tribe Washington Spokane Washington Stillaguamish Washington Sto:lo, BC Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley Kwantlen Katzie Steilacoom, Coast Salish, Puget Sound, Washington (extinct)[4] Suquamish, Washington Swinomish, Washington Tait Takelma Oregon Talio Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon Tlatlasikoala Tlingit, Alaska Tolowa-Tututni, Northern California Tsimshian Tsleil-waututh (Burrard), British Columbia Tulalip, Washington Twana, Washington Tzouk-e (Sooke), Vancouver Island Lower Umpqua, Oregon Upper Umpqua, Oregon Upper Skagit Washington Wuikinuxv (Owekeeno), BC Central Coast Northwest Plateau Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau Chinook peoples Clackamas, OR Clatsop, OR Kathlamet (Cathlamet), Washington Multnomah Wasco-Wishram, OR and WA Watlata, WA Interior Salish Chelan Coeur d'Alene Tribe, ID, MT, WA Entiat, WA Flathead (Selisch or Salish), ID, MT Bitterroot Salish Kalispel (Pend d'Oreilles), MT, WA Lower Kalispel, WA Upper Kalispel, MT In-SHUCK-ch, BC (Lower Lillooet) Lil'wat, BC (Lower Lillooet) Methow, WA Nespelem, WA Nlaka'pamux (Thompson people), BC Nicola people (Thompson-Okanagan confederacy) Sanpoil, WA Secwepemc, BC (Shuswap people) Sinixt (Lakes), BC, ID, and WA Sinkayuse (Sinkiuse-Columbia), WA (extinct) Spokane people, WA Syilx (Okanagan), BC, WA St'at'imc, BC (Upper Lillooet) Wenatchi (Wenatchee), WA Sahaptin people Cowlitz, (Upper Cowlitz, Taidnapam), Washington Klickitat, Washington Nez Perce, Idaho Tenino (Tygh, Warm Springs), Oregon Umatilla, Idaho, Oregon Walla Walla, WA Wanapum, WA Wauyukma Wyam (Lower Deschutes) Yakama, WA Other or both Cayuse, Oregon, Washington Celilo (Wayampam), Oregon Cowlitz, Washington Kalapuya, northwest Oregon Atfalati (Tualatin, northwest OregonR Mohawk River, northwest Oregon Santiam, northwest Oregon Yaquina, northwest Oregon Klamath, Oregon Kutenai (Kootenai, Ktunaxa), British Columbia, ID, and MT Lower Snake people: Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam Modoc, formerly California, now Oklahoma and Oregon Molala (Molale), Oregon Nicola Athapaskans (extinct), British Columbia Palus (Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan), Washington Great Plains Main article: Plains Indians Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes. Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Northeastern Woodlands) Saulteaux (Nakawē), Manitoba, Minnesota and Ontario; later Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, Saskatchewan Odawa people (Ottawa), Ontario,[5] Michigan, later Oklahoma Potawatomi, Michigan,[5] Ontario, Indiana, Wisconsin, later Oklahoma Apache (see also Southwest) Lipan Apache, New Mexico, Texas Plains Apache (Kiowa Apache), Oklahoma Querecho Apache, Texas Arapaho (Arapahoe), formerly Colorado, currently Oklahoma and Wyoming Besawunena Nawathinehena Arikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree), North Dakota Atsina (Gros Ventre), Montana Blackfoot Kainai Nation (Káínaa, Blood), Alberta Northern Peigan (Aapátohsipikáni), Alberta Blackfeet, Southern Piegan (Aamsskáápipikani), Montana Siksika (Siksikáwa), Alberta Cheyenne, Montana, Oklahoma Suhtai, Montana, Oklahoma Comanche, Oklahoma, Texas Plains Cree, Montana Crow (Absaroka, Apsáalooke), Montana Escanjaques, Oklahoma Hidatsa, North Dakota Iowa (Ioway), Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma Kaw (Kansa, Kanza), Oklahoma Kiowa, Oklahoma Mandan, North Dakota Métis people (Canada), North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta Missouri (Missouria), Oklahoma Omaha, Nebraska Osage, Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas, Missouri Otoe (Oto), Oklahoma Pawnee, Oklahoma Chaui, Oklahoma[6] Kitkehakhi, Oklahoma[6] Pitahawirata, Oklahoma[6] Skidi, Oklahoma[6] Ponca, Nebraska, Oklahoma Quapaw, formerly Arkansas, Oklahoma Sioux Dakota, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan Santee, Nebraska Yankton, South Dakota Yanktonai, formerly Minnesota, currently Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota Lakota (Teton), Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan Sičháŋǧu (Brulé, Burned Thighs) Oglála (Scatters Their Own) Itázipčho (Sans Arc, No Bows) Húŋkpapȟa (Hunkpapa) Mnikȟówožu (Miniconjou) Sihásapa (Blackfoot Sioux) Oóhenuŋpa (Two Kettles) Nakoda (Stoney), Alberta Nakota, Assiniboine (Assiniboin), Montana, Saskatchewan Teyas, Texas Tonkawa, Oklahoma Tsuu T’ina, (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina), Alberta Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Kitikiti'sh), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas Kichai (also related to the Caddo), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas Taovayas (Tawehash), Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas Tawakoni, Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas Waco (Iscani, Yscani), Oklahoma, formerly Texas Wichita proper, Guichita, Rayados, Oklahoma, formerly Texas and Kansas Eastern Woodlands Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands Northeastern Woodlands Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands Abenaki (Tarrantine), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, and Vermont Eastern Abenaki, Quebec, Maine, and New Hampshire[5] Kennebec (Caniba), Maine Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont[5] Annamessex, Annemessex, formerly Eastern Shore of Maryland Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also Subarctic, Plains) Algonquin,[7] Quebec, Ontario Nipissing,[7] Ontario[5] Ojibwe (Chippewa, Ojibwa, Ojibway), Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin,[5] and North Dakota Mississaugas, Ontario Saulteaux (Nakawē), Ontario Odawa people (Ottawa), Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Ontario;[5] later Oklahoma Potawatomi, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,[5] Ontario, Wisconsin; later Kansas and Oklahoma Accomac people, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia Accohannock, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia Gingaskin, formerly Eastern Shore of Virginia Adena culture (1000–200 BCE) formerly Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland Assateague, formerly Maryland[8] Attawandaron (Neutral Confederacy), formerly Ontario[5] Beothuk, formerly Newfoundland[5] Chowanoc, Chowanoke, formerly North Carolina Choptank people, formerly Maryland[8] Conoy, Virginia,[8] Maryland Fort Ancient culture (1000–1750 CE), formerly Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia Erie, formerly Pennsylvania, New York[5] Etchemin, formerly Maine Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), southern Wisconsin and Nebraska, formerly northern Illinois,[5] Iowa, and Nebraska Honniasont, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE–500 CE Housatonic, formerly Massachusetts and New York[9] Illinois Confederacy (Illiniwek), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri[5] Cahokia, formerly Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, currently Oklahoma Kaskaskia, formerly Wisconsin, currently Oklahoma Miami, formerly Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan,[5] currently Oklahoma Iroquois Confederacy[7] (Haudenosaunee), currently Ontario, Quebec, and New York[5] Cayuga, currently New York,[5]Ontario, and Oklahoma Mohawk, New York,[5]Ontario, and Quebec Oneida, New York,[5]Ontario, and Wisconsin Onondaga, New York,[5]Ontario Seneca, New York,[5]Ontario, and Oklahoma Mingo, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, currently New York and Ontario Kickapoo, formerly Michigan,[5] Illinois, and Missouri; currently Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, ca. 1300–1580 CE Lenni Lenape (Delaware), formerly Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey; currently Ontario, Wisconsin and Oklahoma Munsee-speaking subgroups, formerly Long Island and southeastern New York;[10] currently Wisconsin Canarsie (Canarsee), formerly Long Island New York[11] Esopus, formerly New York,[10] later Ontario and Wisconsin Hackensack, formerly New York[10] Haverstraw (Rumachenanck), New York[12] Kitchawank (Kichtawanks, Kichtawank), New York[12] Minisink, formerly New York[10] Navasink,[12] formerly north shore of New Jersey Sanhican (Raritan), formerly Monmouth County, New Jersey Sinsink (Sintsink), formerly Westchester County, New York[12] Siwanoy, formerly New York and Connecticut Tappan, formerly New York[13] Waoranecks[14] Wappinger (Wecquaesgeek, Nochpeem), formerly New York[9][15] Warranawankongs[14] Wiechquaeskeck, formerly New York[10] Wisquaskeck (Raritan), formerly Westchester County, New York[12] Unami-speaking subgroups Acquackanonk, formerly Passaic River in northern New Jersey Okehocking, formerly southeast Pennsylvania[14] Unalachtigo, formerly Delaware, New Jersey Mahican (Stockbridge Mahican)[7] formerly Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont[5][9] Manahoac, Virginia[16] Mascouten, formerly Michigan[5] Massachusett, formerly Massachusetts[7][17] Ponkapoag, formerly Massachusetts Meherrin, Virginia,[18] North Carolina Menominee, Wisconsin[5] Meskwaki (Fox), formerly Michigan,[5] currently Iowa Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,[5] and Maine Mohegan,[7] Connecticut Monacan, Virginia[19] Montaukett (Montauk),[7] New York Monyton (Monetons, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia Nansemond, Virginia Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland[5] Narragansett, Rhode Island[7] Niantic, coastal Connecticut[7][17] Nipmuc (Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island[17] Nottaway, Virginia[18] Occaneechi (Occaneechee), Virginia,[18][20][21] Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, and Maine[5] Patuxent, Maryland[8] Paugussett, Connecticut[7] Potatuck, New York[17] Peoria, Illinois, currently Oklahoma Mitchigamea, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma Moingona, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma Tamaroa, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma Wea, formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma Pennacook tribe, formerly Massachusetts, New Hampshire[22] Penobscot, Maine Pequot, Connecticut[7] Petun (Tionontate), Ontario[5] Piscataway, Maryland[8] Pocumtuc, western Massachusetts[17] Podunk, formerly New York,[17] eastern Hartford County, Connecticut Powhatan Confederacy, Virginia[8] Appomattoc, Virginia Arrohateck, Virginia Chesapeake, Virginia Chesepian, Virginia Chickahominy, Virginia[18] Kiskiack, Virginia Mattaponi, Virginia Nansemond, Virginia[18] Paspahegh, Virginia Potomac (Patawomeck), Virginia Powhatan, Virginia Pamunkey, Virginia[18] Quinnipiac, Connecticut,[7] eastern New York, northern New Jersey Rappahannock, Virginia Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia,[18] later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario[21] Sauk (Sac), formerly Michigan,[5] currently Iowa, Oklahoma Schaghticoke, western Connecticut[7] Shawnee, formerly Ohio,[5] Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, currently Oklahoma Shinnecock,[7] Long Island, New York[17] Stegarake, formerly Virginia[16] Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia[18] Conestoga (Susquehannock), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia[5] Tauxenent (Doeg), Virginia[23] Tunxis (Massaco), Connecticut[7] Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York Tutelo (Nahyssan), Virginia,[18][20] later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario[21] Unquachog (Poospatuck), Long Island, New York[17] Wabanaki, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec[7] Wampanoag, Massachusetts[7] Nauset, Massachusetts Patuxet, Massachusetts Pokanoket, formerly Massachusetts, Rhode Island[17] Wangunk (Mattabeset), formerly Connecticut[7] Wawyachtonoc, formerly Connecticut, New York[9] Weapemeoc, formerly northern North Carolina Wenro, formerly New York[5][7] Wicocomico, formerly Maryland, Virginia Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec[5] Wyandot (Huron), Ontario south of Georgian Bay, later Kansas and Michigan, and currently Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec Southeastern Woodlands Further information: Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands and Indigenous peoples of Florida Most of these no longer exist as tribes. Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi[24] Ais, eastern coastal Florida[25] Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida[26] Amacano, Florida west coast[27] Apalachee, northwestern Florida[28] Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast[28] Akokisa, Texas southeast coast[29] Bidai, Texas southeast coast[29] Deadose, eastern Texas Eastern Atakapa, western coastal Louisiana Orcoquiza, southeast Texas Patiri, eastern Texas Tlacopsel, southeast Texas Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana[19][24] Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana[19][24] Biloxi, formerly Mississippi,[24][28] currently Louisiana Caddo Confederacy, formerly Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas,[28][30] currently Oklahoma Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas[24] Cahinnio, southern Arkansas[30] Doustioni, north central Louisiana[30] Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas[30] Hainai, eastern Texas[30] Hasinai, eastern Texas[30] Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana[30] Nabedache, eastern Texas[30] Nabiti, eastern Texas[30] Nacogdoche, eastern Texas[30] Nacono, eastern Texas[30] Nadaco, eastern Texas[30] Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas[30] Nasoni, eastern Texas[30] Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas[30] Neche, eastern Texas[30] Nechaui, eastern Texas[30] Ouachita, northern Louisiana[30] Tula, western Arkansas[30] Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana[30] Calusa, southwestern Florida[26][28] Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast[24] Capinan (Capina, Moctobi), Mississippi Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),[31] North Carolina, currently South Carolina[28] Chacato, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[24] Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi,[28] merged into Chickasaw, currently Oklahoma Chatot people (Chacato, Chactoo), west Florida Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana[24] Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina Cherokee, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma[32] Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi,[28] currently Oklahoma[32] Chicora, coastal South Carolina[19] Chine, Florida Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia[19] later in Florida[33] Chitimacha, currently Louisiana[28] Choctaw, formerly Alabama; currently Mississippi,[28] Louisiana, and Oklahoma[32] Chowanoc (Chowanoke), North Carolina Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina[24][34] Coree, North Carolina[19] Croatan, North Carolina Cusabo, coastal South Carolina[28] Eno, North Carolina[24] Grigra (Gris), Mississippi[35] Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida[26] Guacozo, Florida Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia[24][28] Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast[26] Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi[28] Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida[25] Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina Jororo, Florida interior[26] Keyauwee, North Carolina[24] Koasati (Coushatta), formerly eastern Tennessee,[28] currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas Koroa, Mississippi[24] Luca, southwestern Florida coast[26] Lumbee, currently North Carolina Machapunga, North Carolina Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys[26] Mayaca, Florida[26] Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida[25] Mayajuaca, Florida Mikasuki (Miccosukee), currently Florida Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28] Mocoso, western Florida[25][26] Mougoulacha, Mississippi[19] Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida; currently Oklahoma and Alabama Abihka, Alabama,[29] currently Oklahoma Alabama, formerly Alabama,[29] southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi,[24][28] currently Oklahoma and Texas Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama,[24] later Texas[19] Apalachicola Province, (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia[36] Apalachicola (town), Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina[36] Hitchiti, Alabama and Georgia[36] Oconi, Alabama and Georgia[36] Sabacola (Sawakola, Sabacôla, Savacola, Sawokli), Alabama and Georgia[36] Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29] Eufaula tribe, Georgia, currently Oklahoma Kialegee Tribal Town, Alabama, currently Oklahoma Osochee (Osochi, Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama[24][29] Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29] Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Alabama, Georgia, currently Oklahoma Tukabatchee, Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama[29] Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28] Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi[28] currently Oklahoma Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina[24] Norwood culture, Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCE Mosopelea (Ofo), Arkansas and Mississippi,[28] eastern Tennessee,[24] currently Louisiana Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama[24] Okelousa, Louisiana[24] Opelousas, Louisiana[24] Pacara, Florida Pamlico, North Carolina Pascagoula, Mississippi coast[19] Pee Dee (Pedee), South Carolina[24][37] and North Carolina Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama[28] Potoskeet, North Carolina Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi[29] Roanoke, North Carolina Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina[24] Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina[24] Santa Luces, Florida Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia,[18] later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario[21] Saura, North Carolina Saxapahaw (Sissipahaw, Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina[24] Secotan, North Carolina Seminole, currently Florida and Oklahoma[32] Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast[24] Shakori, North Carolina Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina,[24] possibly Virginia Sissipahaw, North Carolina Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina[24] Surruque, east-central Florida[38] Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina Taensa, Mississippi[35] Taposa, Mississippi Tawasa, Alabama[39] Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida[24][26] Timucua, Florida and Georgia[24][26][28] Acuera, central Florida[40] Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida[40] Arapaha, north-central Florida and south-central Georgia?[40] Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia[40] Icafui (Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia[40] Mocama (Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia[40] Northern Utina north-central Florida[40] Ocale, central Florida[40] Oconi, interior southeast Georgia[40] Potano, north-central Florida[40] Saturiwa, northeast Florida[40] Tacatacuru, coastal southeast Georgia[41] Tucururu (or Tucuru), Florida[40] Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast-central Florida[42] Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia[40] Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia[40] Yustaga, north-central Florida[40] Taposa, Mississippi Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi[34] Tocaste, Florida[26] Tocobaga, Florida[24][26] Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama[28] Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee Topachula, Florida Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi,[28] currently Louisiana Utiza, Florida[25] Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida[43] Vicela, Florida[25] Viscaynos, Florida Waccamaw, North Carolina, South Carolina Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina[24] Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina[24][37] Westo, Virginia and South Carolina,[19] extinct Winyaw, South Carolina coast[24] Woccon, North Carolina[24][37] Yamasee, Florida, Georgia[19] Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi[24][44] Yuchi (Euchee), central Tennessee,[24][28] later northwest Georgia, currently Oklahoma Great Basin Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin Ahwahnechee, Yosemite Valley, California Bannock, Idaho[45] Southern Paiute, Arizona, Nevada, Utah Chemehuevi, southeastern California Kaibab, northwestern Arizona[46] Kaiparowtis, southwestern Utah[46] Moapa, southern Nevada[46] Panaca[46] Panguitch, Utah[46] Paranigets, southern Nevada[46] Shivwits, southwestern Utah[46] Coso People, of Coso Rock Art District in the Coso Range, Mojave Desert California Fremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah[47] Kawaiisu, southern inland California[45] Mono, southeastern California Eastern Mono, southeastern California Western Mono or Owens Valley Paiute, eastern California and Nevada[45] Northern Paiute, eastern California, Nevada, Oregon, southwestern Idaho[45] Kucadikadi, Mono Lake Paiute, Mono Lake, California Shoshone (Shoshoni), California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming Eastern Shoshone people: Guchundeka', Kuccuntikka, Buffalo Eaters[48][49] Tukkutikka, Tukudeka, Mountain Sheep Eaters, joined the Northern Shoshone[49] Boho'inee', Pohoini, Pohogwe, Sage Grass people, Sagebrush Butte People[48][49][50] Northern Shoshone, Idaho[45] Agaideka, Salmon Eaters, Lemhi, Snake River and Lemhi River Valley[50][51] Doyahinee', Mountain people[48] Kammedeka, Kammitikka, Jack Rabbit Eaters, Snake River, Great Salt Lake[50] Hukundüka, Porcupine Grass Seed Eaters, Wild Wheat Eaters, possibly synonymous with Kammitikka[50][52] Tukudeka, Dukundeka', Sheep Eaters (Mountain Sheep Eaters), Sawtooth Range, Idaho[50][51] Yahandeka, Yakandika, Groundhog Eaters, lower Boise, Payette, and Wiser Rivers[50][51] Western Shoshone people: Kusiutta, Goshute (Gosiute), Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake, Utah[52] Cedar Valley Goshute Deep Creek Goshute Rush Valley Goshute Skull Valley Goshute, Wipayutta, Weber Ute[52] Tooele Valley Goshute Trout Creek Goshute[52] Kuyatikka, Kuyudikka, Bitterroot Eaters, Halleck, Mary's River, Clover Valley, Smith Creek Valley, Nevada[52] Mahaguadüka, Mentzelia Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada[52] Painkwitikka, Penkwitikka, Fish Eaters, Cache Valley, Idaho and Utah[52] Pasiatikka, Redtop Grass Eaters, Deep Creek Gosiute, Deep Creek Valley, Antelope Valley[52] Tipatikka, Pinenut Eaters, northernmost band[52] Tsaiduka, Tule Eaters, Railroad Valley, Nevada[52] Tsogwiyuyugi, Elko, Nevada[52] Waitikka, Ricegrass Eaters, Ione Valley, Nevada[52] Watatikka, Ryegrass Seed Eaters, Ruby Valley, Nevada[52] Wiyimpihtikka, Buffalo Berry Eaters[52] Timbisha, aka Panamint or Koso, southeastern California Ute, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico[45] Capote, southeastern Colorado and New Mexico[53] Moanunts, Salina, Utah[54] Muache, south and central Colorado[53] Pahvant, western Utah[54] Sanpits, central Utah[54] Timpanogots, north central Utah[54] Uintah, Utah[53] Uncompahgre or Taviwach, central and northern Colorado[53] Weeminuche, western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico[53] White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa), Colorado and eastern Utah[53] Washo, Nevada and California[55] Palagewan Pahkanapil California Main article: Indigenous peoples of California Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes.[56] Achomawi, Achumawi, Pit River tribe, northeastern California[57] Atsugewi, northeastern California[57] Cahuilla, southern California[57] Chumash, coastal southern California[57] Barbareño Cruzeño, Island Chumash Inezeño, Ineseño Obispeño, Northern Chumash Purisimeño Ventureño Chilula, northwestern California[57] Chimariko, extinct, northwestern California[58] Cupeño, southern California[57] Eel River Athapaskan peoples Lassik, northwestern California[57] Mattole (Bear River), northwestern California[57] Nongatl, northwestern California[59] Sinkyone, northwestern California[57] Wailaki, Wai-lakki, northwestern California[57] Esselen, west-central California[57] Hupa, northwestern California[57] Tsnungwe Juaneño, Acjachemem, southwestern California Karok, northwestern California[57] Kato, Cahto, northwestern California[57] Kitanemuk, south-central California[57] Konkow, northern-central California[57] Kumeyaay, Diegueño, Kumiai Ipai, southwestern California[57] Jamul, southwestern California[60] Tipai, southwestern California and northwestern Mexico[57] La Jolla complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE Luiseño, southwestern California[57] Maidu, northeastern California[57] Konkow, northern California Mechoopda, northern California Nisenan, Southern Maidu, northern California Miwok, Me-wuk, central California[57] Coast Miwok, west-central California[57] Lake Miwok, west-central California[57] Valley and Sierra Miwok Monache, Western Mono, central California[57] Nisenan, eastern-central California[57] Nomlaki, northwestern California[57] Ohlone, Costanoan, west-central California[57] Awaswas Chalon Chochenyo Karkin Mutsun Ramaytush Rumsen Tamyen Yelamu Patwin, central California[57] Suisun, Southern Patwin, central California Pauma Complex, southern California, c. 6050–1000 BCE Pomo, northwestern and central-western California[57] Salinan, coastal central California[57] Antoniaño[61] Migueleño Serrano, southern California[57] Shasta northwestern California[57] Konomihu, northwestern California Okwanuchu, northwestern California Tataviam, Allilik (Fernandeño), southern California[57] Tolowa, northwestern California[57] Tongva, Gabrieleño, Fernandeño, San Clemente tribe, coastal southern California[57] Tubatulabal, south-central California[57] Wappo, north-central California[57] Whilkut, northwestern California[57] Wintu, northwestern California[57] Wiyot, northwestern California[57] Yana, northern-central California[57] Yahi Yokuts, central and southern California[57] Chukchansi, Foothill Yokuts, central California[57] Northern Valley Yokuts, central California[57] Tachi tribe, Southern Valley Yokuts, south-central California[57] Yuki, Ukomno'm, northwestern California[57] Huchnom, northwestern California[62] Yurok, northwestern California[57] Southwest Main articles: Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest and Oasisamerica This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Western Texas, Southern Utah, Chihuahua, and Sonora Southern Athabaskan Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico Lipan Apache, New Mexico, formerly Texas Mescalero Apache, New Mexico Navajo (Diné), Arizona and New Mexico San Carlos Apache, Arizona Tonto Apache, Arizona Western Apache (Coyotero Apache), Arizona White Mountain Apache, Arizona Comecrudo, Tamaulipas Cotoname (Carrizo de Camargo) Genízaro (detribalized Apache, Navajo, and Ute descendants), Arizona, New Mexico Halchidhoma, Arizona and California Hualapai, Arizona Havasupai, Arizona Hohokam, formerly Arizona Karankawa, formerly Texas Copano, formerly Texas La Junta, Texas, Chihuahua Mamulique, Texas, Nuevo León Manso, Texas, Chihuahua Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada O'odham, Arizona, Sonora Ak Chin, Arizona Akimel O'odham (formerly Pima), Arizona Tohono O'odham, Arizona and Mexico Qahatika, Arizona Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham, Arizona and Mexico Piipaash (Maricopa), Arizona Pima Bajo Pueblo peoples, Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas Ancestral Pueblo, formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah Hopi-Tewa (Arizona Tewa, Hano), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt Hopi, Arizona Keres people, New Mexico Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico Kewa Pueblo (formerly Santo Domingo Pueblo), New Mexico Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico Zia Pueblo, New Mexico Tewa people, New Mexico Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo), New Mexico Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico Tiwa people, New Mexico Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico Taos Pueblo, New Mexico Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (Tigua Pueblo), Texas Piro Pueblo, New Mexico Tompiro, formerly New Mexico Towa people Jemez Pueblo (Walatowa), New Mexico Pecos (Ciquique) Pueblo, New Mexico Zuni people (Ashiwi), New Mexico Quechan (Yuma), Arizona and California Quems, formerly Coahuila and Texas Solano, Coahuila, Texas Tamique (Aranama), formerly Texas Toboso, Chihuahua and Coahuila Walapai, Arizona Yaqui (Yoreme), Arizona, Sonora Yavapai, Arizona Tolkapaya (Western Yavapai), Arizona Yavapé (Northwestern Yavapai), Arizona Kwevkapaya (Southeastern Yavapai), Arizona Wipukpa (Northeastern Yavapai), Arizona Mexico and Mesoamerica The regions of Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap. Aridoamerica Aridoamerica region of North America Main article: Aridoamerica Acaxee Aranama (Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Chariname, Xaraname, Taraname), southeast Texas Coahuiltecan, Texas, northern Mexico Chichimeca Caxcan (Caxcane) Guachichil Guamare Pame Tecuexe Zacatec Cochimí, Baja California[63] Cocopa, Arizona, northern Mexico Garza, Texas, northern Mexico Guachimontone Guamare Guaycura, Baja California Guarijío, Huarijío, Chihuahua, Sonora[63] Huichol[63] (Wixáritari), Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango Kiliwa, Baja California Mayo,[63] Sonora and Sinaloa Monqui, Baja California Paipai, Akwa'ala, Kw'al, Baja California[64] Opata Otomi, central Mexico Patiri, southeastern Texas Pericúe, Baja California Pima Bajo[63] Seri[63] Tarahumara[63] Tepecano Tepehuán[63] Terocodame, Texas and Mexico Codam Hieroquodame Oodame Perocodame Teroodame Teuchitlan tradition Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition Yaqui,[63] Sonora and now southern Arizona Zacateco Mesoamerica Map of Mesoamerica Nahua, Guatemala and Mexico Alaguilac, Guatemala Cora people Huastec Huave (Wabi), Juchitán District, Oaxaca Lenca Maya, Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico Itzá, Petén Department, Guatemala Lacandon Mopan, Belize, Guatemala Yucatec (Maya proper) Achi, Guatemala Akatek, Guatemala Ch'ol Ch'orti', southeastern Guatemala, northwestern Honduras, and northern El Salvador Ixil, El Quiché, Guatemala Jacaltec (Jakaltek), northwestern Guatemala K'iche' (Quiché), El Salvador and Guatemala Kaqchikel Kekchi Mam Poqomam Tojolabales Tzotzil Tzeltal Tz'utujil Mazatec Mixtec Olmec Otomi Pipil Purépecha, also known as Tarascan Tlapanec Xinca Zapotec Toltec (900–1168 CE), Tula, Hildago Circum-Caribbean Further information: Isthmo-Colombian Area Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians.[65] Caribbean Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago.[65] Arawak Taino, Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles Lucayan, Bahamas Igneri, Lesser Antilles, 400–1000 CE Nepoya, Trinidad Suppoya, Trinidad Caquetio, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Venezuela Carib, Lesser Antilles Kalinago, Dominica Garifuna ("Black Carib"), Originally Dominica and Saint Vincent, currently Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua Ciboney, Greater Antilles, c. 1000–300 BCE[66] Guanahatabey (Guanajatabey), Cuba, 1000 BCE Ciguayo, Hispaniola Ortoiroid, c. 5500–200 BCE[67] Coroso culture, Puerto Rico, 1000 BCE–200 CE[67] Krum Bay culture, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, 1500–200 BCE[67] Saladoid culture, 500 BCE–545 CE[67] Central America The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador, most of Honduras, all of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador.[65] Bagaces, Costa Rica Bokota, Panama Boruca, Costa Rica Bribri, Costa Rica Cabécar, Costa Rica Cacaopera (Matagalpa, Ulua), formerly El Salvador[68] Cayada, Ecuador Changuena, Panama Embera-Wounaan (Chocó, Wounaan), Colombia, Panama Choluteca, Honduras Coiba, Costa Rica Coito, Costa Rica Corobici, Costa Rica Desaguadero, Costa Rica Dorasque, Panama Guatuso, Costa Rica Guaymí, Panama Movere, Panama Murire, Panama Guetar, Costa Rica Kuna (Guna), Panama and Colombia Lenca, Honduras and El Salvador Mangue, Nicaragua Maribichocoa, Honduras and Nicaragua Miskito, Hondrus, Nicaragua Miskito Sambu Tawira Miskito Nagrandah, Nicaragua Ngöbe Buglé, Bocas del Toro, Panama Nicarao, Nicaragua Nicoya, Costa Rica Orotiña, Costa Rica Paparo, Panama Paya, Honduras Pech, northeastern Honduras Piria, Nicaragua Poton, Honduras and El Salvador Quepo, Costa Rica Rama, Nicaragua Sigua, Panama Subtiaba, Nicaragua Suerre, Costa Rica Sumo (Mayagna), Honduras and Nicaragua Terraba (Naso, Teribe, Tjër Di), Panama Tojar, Panama Tolupan (Jicaque), Honduras Ulva, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua Voto, Costa Rica Yasika, Nicaragua Colombia and Venezuela The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela. Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.[65] Abibe, northwestern Colombia Aburrá, central Colombia Achagua (Axagua), eastern Colombia, western Venezuela Agual, western Colombia Amaní, central Colombia Ancerma, western Colombia Andaqui (Andaki), Huila Department, Colombia Andoque, Andoke, southeastern Colombia Antiochia, Colombia Arbi, western Colombia Arma, western Colombia Atunceta, western Colombia Auracana, northeastern Colombia Buriticá, western Colombia Caquetio, western Venezuela Calamari, northwestern Colombia Calima culture, western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CE Caramanta, western Columbia Carate, northeastern Colombia Carare, northeastern Colombia Carex, northwestern Colombia Cari, western Colombia Carrapa, western Colombia Cartama, western Colombia Cauca, western Colombia Corbago, northeastern Colombia Cosina, northeastern Colombia Catio, northwestern Colombia Cenú, northwestern Colombia Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia Chanco, western Colombia Coanoa, northeastern Colombia Cuiba, east Colombia west Venezuela Cuica, western Venezuela Cumanagoto, eastern Venezuela Evéjito, western Colombia Fincenú, northwestern Colombia Gorrón, western Colombia Guahibo (Guajibo), eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela Guambía, western Colombia Guanes, Colombia, pre-Columbian culture Guanebucan, northeastern Colombia Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia Hiwi, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela Jamundí, western Colombia Kari'ña, eastern Venezuela Kogi, northern Colombia Lile, western Colombia Lache, central Colombia Mariche, central Venezuela Maco (Mako, Itoto, Wotuja, or Jojod), northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela Mompox, northwestern Colombia Motilone, northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela Naura, central Colombia Nauracota, central Colombia Noanamá (Waunana, Huaunana, Woun Meu), northwestern Colombia and Panama Nutabé, northwestern Colombia Opón, northeastern Colombia Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia Pancenú, northwestern Colombia Patángoro, central Colombia Paucura, western Colombia Pemed, northwestern Colombia Pequi people, western Colombia Picara, western Colombia Pozo, western Colombia Pumé (Yaruro), Venezuela Quimbaya, central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CE Quinchia, western Colombia Sutagao, central Colombian Tahamí, northwestern Colombia Tairona, northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CE Tamalameque, northwestern Colombia Mariche, central Venezuela Timba, western Colombia Timote, western Venezuela Tinigua, Caquetá Department, Colombia Tolú, northwestern Colombia Toro, western Colombia Tupe, northeastern Colombia Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia Urabá, northwestern Colombia Urezo, northwestern Colombia U'wa, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela Waikerí, eastern Venezuela Wayuu (Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro), northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela Xiriguana, northeastern Colombia Yamicí, northwestern Colombia Yapel, northwestern Colombia Yarigui, northeastern Colombia Yukpa, Yuko, northeastern Colombia Zamyrua, northeastern Colombia Zendagua, northwestern Colombia Zenú, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE Zopia, western Colombia Guianas The Guianas in northern South America The position of the Guianas in the Neotropical realm in northern South America This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil. Acawai (6N 60W) Acokwa (3N 53W) Acuria (Akurio, Akuriyo), 5N 55W, Suriname Akawaio, Roraima, Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela Amariba (2N 60W) Amicuana (2N 53W) Apalaí (Apalai), Amapá, Brazil Apirua (3N 53W) Apurui (3N 53W) Aracaret (4N 53W) Aramagoto (2N 54W) Aramisho (2N 54W) Arebato (7N 65W) Arekena (2N 67W) Arhuaco, northeastern Colombia Arigua Arinagoto (4N 63W) Arua (1N 50W) Aruacay, Venezuela Atorai (2N 59W) Atroahy (1S 62W) Auaké, Brazil and Guyana Baniwa (Baniva) (3N 68W), Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela Baraüana (1N 65W) Bonari (3S 58W) Baré (3N 67W) Caberre (4N 71 W) Cadupinago Cariaya (1S 63 W) Carib (Kalinago), Venezuela Carinepagoto, Trinidad Chaguan, Venezuela Chaima, Venezuela Cuaga, Venezuela Cuacua, Venezuela Cumanagoto, Venezuela Guayano, Venezuela Guinau (4N 65W) Hixkaryána, Amazonas, Brazil Hodï, Venezuela Inao (4N 65W) Ingarikó, Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela Jaoi (Yao), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela Kali'na, Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela Lokono (Arawak, Locono), Guyana, Trinidad, Venezuela Macapa (2N 59W) Macushi, Brazil and Guyana Maipure (4N 67W) Maopityan (2N 59W) Mapoyo (Mapoye), Venezuela Marawan (3N 52W) Mariusa, Venezuela Marourioux (3N 53W) Nepuyo (Nepoye), Guyana, Trinidad and Venezuela Orealla, Guyana Palengue, Venezuela Palikur, Brazil, French Guiana Parauana (2N 63W) Parauien (3S 60W) Pareco, Venezuela Paria, Venezuela Patamona, Roraima, Brazil Pauishana (2N 62W) Pemon (Arecuna), Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela Piapoco (3N 70W) Piaroa, Venezuela Pino (3N 54W) Piritú, Venezuela Purui (2N 52W) Saliba (Sáliva), Venezuela Sanumá, Venezuela, Brazil Shebayo, Trinidad Sikiana (Chikena, Xikiyana), Brazil, Suriname Tagare, Venezuela Tamanaco, Venezuela Tarumá (3S 60W) Tibitibi, Venezuela Tiriyó (Tarëno), Brazil, Suriname Tocoyen (3N 53W) Tumuza, Venezuela Wai-Wai, Amazonas, Brazil and Guyana Wapishana, Brazil and Guyana Warao (Warrau), Guyana and Venezuela Wayana (Oyana), Pará, Brazil Ya̧nomamö (Yanomami), Venezuela and Amazonas, Brazil Ye'kuana, Venezuela, Brazil Eastern Brazil This region includes parts of the Ceará, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil Apinajé (Apinaye Caroyo),[7] Rio Araguiaia Arara, Pará Atikum, Bahia and Pernambuco Bororo,[7] Mato Grosso Botocudo (Lakiãnõ) Carijo Guaraní[7] East Brazilian tradition, Precolumbian culture[7] Guató (Guato), Mato Grosso Kadiwéu (Guaicuru),[7] Mato Grosso do Sul Kaingang Karajá (Iny, Javaé),[7] Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, and Tocantins Kaxixó, Minas Gerais Kayapo (Cayapo, Mebêngôkre),[7] Mato Grosso and Pará Laklãnõ,[7] Santa Catarina Mehim (Krahô, Crahao),[7] Rio Tocantins Ofayé, Mato Grosso do Sul Parakatêjê (Gavião),[7] Pará Pataxó, Bahia Potiguara (Pitigoares),[7] Ceará Tabajara, Ceará Tapirapé (Tapirape) Terena, Mato Gross and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil Tupiniquim, Espírito Santo Umutina (Barbados)[7] Xakriabá (Chakriaba, Chikriaba, or Shacriaba), Minas Gerais Xavánte (Shavante),[7] Mato Grosso Xerénte (Sherente),[7] Goiás Xucuru, Pernambuco Andes The Tawantinsuyu, or fullest extent of the Inca Empire, which includes much of the Andean cultural region Main article: Andes § Human activity Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition, Argentina, 11,000–4,000 CE Awa-Kwaiker, northern Ecuador, southern Colombia Aymara, Bolivia,[69] Chile, Peru Callawalla (Callahuaya), Bolivia[69] Cañari, Ecuador Capulí culture, Ecuador, 800–1500 CE Cerro Narrio (Chaullabamba) (Precolumbian culture) Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru Chachilla (Cayapas) Chanka (Chanca), Peru Chavín, northern Peru, 900–200 BCE Chincha people, Peru (Precolumbian culture) Chipaya, Oruro Department, Bolivia[69] Chuquibamba culture (Precolumbian culture) Conchucos Diaguita Amaicha, Argentina Calchaquí, Argentina Chicoana, Salta, Argentina Quilmes (Precolumbian culture), Argentina Guangaia (Precolumbian culture) Ichuña microlithic tradition (Precolumbian culture) Inca Empire (Inka), based in Peru Jama-Coaque (Precolumbian culture) Killke culture, Peru, 900–1200 CE Kogi Kolla (Colla), Argentina, Bolivia, Chile La Tolita (Precolumbian culture) Las Vegas culture, coastal Ecuador, 8000 BCE–4600 BCE Lauricocha culture, Peru, 8000–2500 BCE Lima culture, Peru, 100–650 CE Maina, Ecuador, Peru Manteño-Huancavilca (Precolumbian culture) Milagro (Precolumbian culture) Mollo culture, Bolivia, 1000–1500 CE Muisca, Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture) Pachacama (Precolumbian culture) Paez (Nasa culture), Colombian highlands (Precolumbian culture) Panzaleo (Precolumbian culture) Pasto Pijao, Colombia Quechua (Kichua, Kichwa), Bolivia[69] Chankas Huancas Quitu culture, 2000 BCE–1550 CE Salinar (Precolumbian culture) Saraguro Tiwanaku culture (Tiahuanaco), 400–1000 CE, Bolivia Tsáchila (Colorado), Ecuador Tuza-Piartal (Precolumbian culture) Uru, Bolivia,[69] Peru Uru-Murato, Bolivia Wari culture, central coast and highlands of Peru, 500–1000 CE Pocra culture, Ayacucho Province, Peru, 500–1000 CE Pacific lowlands Amotape complex, northern coastal Peru, 9,000–7,100 BCE Atacameño (Atacama, Likan Antaí), Chile Awá, Colombia and Ecuador Bara, Colombia Cara culture, coastal Ecuador, 500 BCE–1550 CE Bahía, Ecuador, 500 BCE–500 CE Casma culture, coastal Peru, 1000–1400 CE Chancay, central coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE Chango, coastal Peru, northern Chile Chimú, north coastal Peru, 1000–1450 CE Cupisnique (Precolumbian culture), 1000–200 BCE, coastal Peru Lambayeque (Sican culture), north coastal Peru, 750–1375 CE Machalilla culture, coastal Ecuador, 1500–1100 BCE Manteño civilization, western Ecuador, 850–1600 CE Moche (Mochica), north coastal Peru, 1–750 CE Nazca culture (Nasca), south coastal Peru, 1–700 CE Norte Chico civilization (Precolumbian culture), coastal Peru Paiján culture, northern coastal Peru, 8,700–5,900 BCE Paracas, south coastal Peru, 600–175 BCE Recuay culture, Peru (Precolumbian culture) Tallán (Precolumbian culture), north coastal Peru Valdivia culture, Ecuador, 3500–1800 BCE Virú culture, Piura Region, Peru, 200 BCE–300 CE Wari culture (Huari culture), Peru, 500–1000 CE Yukpa (Yuko), Colombia Yurutí, Colombia Amazon Main article: Amazon basin Northwestern Amazon This region includes Amazonas in Brazil; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia; Cotopaxi, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador; and the Loreto Region in Peru. Arabela, Loreto Region, Peru Arapaso (Arapaco), Amazonas, Brazil Baniwa Barbudo, Loreto Region, Peru Bora, Loreto Region, Peru Candoshi-Shapra (Chapras), Loreto Region, Peru Carútana (Arara), Amazonas, Brazil Chayahuita (Chaywita) Loreto Region, Peru Cocama, Loreto Region, Peru Cofán (Cofan), Putumayo Department, Colombia and Ecuador Cubeo (Kobeua), Amazonas, Brazil and Colombia Dâw, Rio Negro, Brazil Flecheiro Huaorani (Waorani, Waodani, Waos), Ecuador Hupda (Hup), Brazil, Colombia Jibito, Loreto Region, Peru Jivaroan peoples, Ecuador and Peru Achuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru Aguaruna (Aguarana), Ecuador, Peru Huambisa, Peru Shuar, Morona-Santiago Province and Oriente Region, Ecuador and Loreto Region, Peru Kachá (Shimaco, Urarina), Loreto Region, Peru Kamsá (Sebondoy), Putumayo Department, Colombia Kanamarí, Amazonas, Brazil Kichua (Quichua) Cañari Kichua (Canari) Canelo Kichua (Canelos-Quichua), Pataza Province, Ecuador Chimborazo Kichua Cholos cuencanos Napo Runa (Napo Kichua, Quijos-Quichua, Napo-Quichua), Ecuador and Peru Saraguro Sarayacu Kichua, Pastaza Province, Ecuador Korubu, Amazonas, Brazil Kugapakori-Nahua Macaguaje (Majaguaje), Río Caquetá, Colombia Machiguenga, Peru Marubo Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil and Peru Mayoruna (Maxuruna) Miriti, Amazonas Department, Colombia Murato, Loreto Region, Peru Mura, Amazonas, Brazil Pirahã (Mura-pirarrã), Amazonas, Brazil Nukak (Nukak-Makú), eastern Colombia Ocaina, Loreto Region, Peru Omagua (Cambeba, Kambeba, Umana), Amazonas, Brazil Orejón (Orejon), Napo Province, Ecuador Panoan, western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru Sharpas Siona (Sioni), Amazonas Department, Colombia Siriano, Brazil, Colombia Siusi, Amazonas, Brazil Tariano (Tariana), Amazonas, Brazil Tsohom Djapá Tukano (Tucano), Brazil, Colombia Barasana (Pareroa, Taiwano), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia Eastern Tukanoan (Tucanoan) Makuna (Buhagana, Macuna), Amazonas, Brazil and Vaupés, Colombia Waikino (Vaikino), Amazonas, Brazil Waimiri-Atroari (Kinja, Uaimiri-Atroari), Amazonas and Roraima, Brazil Wanano (Unana, Vanana), Amazonas, Brazil Witoto Murui Witoto, Loreto Region, Peru Yagua (Yahua), Loreta Region, Peru Yaminahua (Jaminawa, Yamanawa, Yaminawá), Pando Department, Bolivia[69] Yora Záparo (Zaparo), Pastaza Province, Ecuador Zuruahã (Suruahá, Suruwaha), Amazonas, Brazil Eastern Amazon This region includes Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil. Amanayé (Ararandeura), Brazil Araweté (Araueté, Bïde), Pará, Brazil Awá (Guajá), Brazil Ch'unchu, Peru Ge Guajajára (Guajajara), Maranhão, Brazil Guaraní, Paraguay Ka'apor, Maranhão, Brazil Kuruaya, Pará, Brazil Marajoara, Precolumbian culture, Pará, Brazil Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil Parakanã (Paracana) Suruí do Pará, Pará, Brazil Tembé Turiwára Wayampi Zo'é people, Pará, Brazil Southern Amazon This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, parts of Pará, and Rondônia) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department). Aikanã, Rondônia, Brazil Akuntsu, Rondônia, Brazil Apiacá (Apiaká), Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil[70] Assuriní do Toncantins (Tocantins) Aweti (Aueto), Mato Grosso, Brazil Bakairí (Bakairi) Chácobo (Chacobo), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), Brazil and Santa Cruz, Bolivia[69] Cinta Larga, Mato Grosso, Brazil Enawene Nawe, Mato Grosso, Brazil Gavião of Rondônia Guarayu (Guarayo), Bolivia[69] Ikpeng (Xicao), Mato Grosso, Brazil Itene, Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Irántxe (Iranche) Juma (Kagwahiva), Rondônia, Brazil Jurúna (Yaruna, Juruna, Yudjá), Mato Grosso, Brazil Kaiabi (Caiabi, Cajabi, Kajabi, Kayabi), Mato Grosso, Brazil Kalapálo (Kalapalo), Mato Grosso, Brazil Kamayurá (Camayura), Mato Grosso, Brazil Kanoê (Kapixaná), Rondônia, Brazil Karipuná (Caripuna) Karitiâna (Caritiana), Brazil Kayapo, Mato Grosso, Brazil Kuikuro, Mato Grosso, Brazil Matipu, Mato Grosso, Brazil Mehináku (Mehinacu, Mehinako), Mato Grosso, Brazil Moxo (Mojo), Bolivia Nahukuá (Nahuqua), Mato Grosso, Brazil Nambikuára (Nambicuara, Nambikwara), Mato Grosso, Brazil Pacahuara (Pacaguara, Pacawara), northwest Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Pacajá (Pacaja) Panará, Mato Grosso and Pará, Brazil Parecís (Paressi) Rikbaktsa (Erikbaksa), Mato Grosso, Brazil Rio Pardo people, Mato Grosso, Brazil Sateré-Mawé (Maue), Brazil Suyá (Kisedje), Mato Grosso, Brazil Tacana (Takana), Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, Bolivia[69] Tapajó (Tapajo) Tenharim Trumai, Mato Grosso, Brazil Tsimané (Chimané, Mosetén, Pano), Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, Rondônia, Brazil Wari' (Pacanawa, Waricaca'), Rondônia, Brazil Wauja (Waurá, Waura), Mato Grosso, Brazil Wuy jugu (Mundurucu, Munduruku) Yawalapiti (Iaualapiti), Mato Grosso, Brazil Southwestern Amazon This region includes the Cuzco, Huánuco Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia, Brazil, and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia. Aguano (Santacrucino, Uguano), Peru Amahuaca, Brazil, Peru Apurinã (Popũkare), Amazonas and Acre Asháninka (Campa, Chuncha), Acre, Brazil and Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, and Ucayali, Peru Banawá (Jafí, Kitiya), Amazonas, Brazil Cashibo (Carapache), Huánuco Region, Peru Conibo (Shipibo-Conibo), Peru and Amazonas, Brazil Ese Ejja (Chama), Beni Department, Bolivia[69] Harakmbut, Madre de Dios, Peru Amarakaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru Kareneri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru Huachipaeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru Arasairi, Madre de Dios Region, Peru Manuquiari, Madre de Dios Region, Peru Puikiri (Puncuri), Madre de Dios Region, Peru Sapiteri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru Toyeri, Madre de Dios Region, Peru[71] Hi-Merimã, Himarimã, Amazonas, Brazil Jamamadi, Acre and Amazonas, Brazil Kaxinawá (Cashinahua, Huni Kuin), Peru and Acre, Brazil Kulina (Culina), Peru Kwaza (Coaiá, Koaiá), Rondônia, Brazil Latundê, Rondônia, Brazil Machinere, Bolivia[69] and Peru Mashco-Piro, Peru Matís (Matis), Brazil Matsés (Mayoruna, Maxuruna), Brazil, Peru Parintintin (Kagwahiva’nga), Brazil Shipibo, Loreto Region, Peru Sirionó (Chori, Miá), Beni and Santa Cruz Departments, Bolivia Ticuna (Tucuna), Brazil, Colombia, Peru Toromono (Toromona), La Paz Department, Bolivia[69] Yanesha' (Amuesha), Cusco Region, Peru Yawanawa (Jaminawá, Marinawá, Xixinawá), Acre, Brazil; Madre de Dios, Peru; and Bolivia Yine (Contaquiro, Simiranch, Simirinche), Cuzco Region, Peru Yuqui (Bia, Yuki), Cochabamba Department, Bolivia[69] Yuracaré (Yura), Beni and Cochabamba Departments, Bolivia[69] Gran Chaco Approximate region of the Gran Chaco Main article: Gran Chaco Abipón, Argentina, historic group Angaite (Angate), northwestern Paraguay Ayoreo[72] (Ayoré, Moro, Morotoco, Pyeta, Yovia,[69] Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay Chamacoco (Zamuko),[72] Paraguay Chané, Argentina and Bolivia Chiquitano (Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia Chorote (Choroti,[72] Iyo'wujwa,[69] Iyojwa'ja Chorote, Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay Guana[72] (Kaskihá), Paraguay Guaraní,[72] Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay Bolivian Guaraní[69] Chiriguano, Bolivia Guarayo (East Bolivian Guaraní) Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia Tapieté (Guaraní Ñandéva, Yanaigua),[72] eastern Bolivia[69] Yuqui (Bia), Bolivia Guaycuru peoples, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay Mbayá (Caduveo), historic Kadiweu, Brazil Mocoví (Mocobí), Argentina Pilagá (Pilage Toba) Toba[72] (Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia,[69] and Paraguay Kaiwá,[72] Argentina and Brazil Lengua people (Enxet),[72] Paraguay North Lengua (Eenthlit, Enlhet, Maskoy), Paraguay South Lengua, Paraguay Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina Maká[72] (Towolhi), Paraguay Nivaclé (Ashlushlay,[72] Chulupí, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina and Paraguay Sanapaná[72] (Quiativis), Paraguay Vilela, Argentina Wichí (Mataco),[72] Argentina and Tarija Department, Bolivia[69] Southern Cone Patagonian languages at the time of European/African contact Main article: Southern Cone Aché, southeastern Paraguay Chaná (extinct), formerly Uruguay Chandule (Chandri) Charrúa, southern Brazil and Uruguay Comechingon (Henia-Camiare), Argentina Haush (Manek'enk, Mánekenk, Aush), Tierra del Fuego Het (Querandí) (extinct), formerly Argentinian Pampas Chechehet Didiuhet Taluhet Huarpe (Warpes), Argentina, Chile Allentiac (Alyentiyak) Millcayac (Milykayak) Oico Chiquillanes Pehuenche (later Araucanized) Mapuche (Araucanian), southwestern Argentina and Chile Huilliche (Huillice, Hulliche, Güilliche), Chile Cunco Veliche Lafquenche Mapuche, southwestern Argentina and Chile Pehuenche, south central Chile and Argentina Picunche, formerly Chile Promaucae, formerly Chile Mbeguá (extinct), formerly Paraná River, Argentina Minuane (extinct), formerly Uruguay Puelche (Guennaken, Pamba) (extinct), Argentinian and Chilean Andes[73] Tehuelche, Patagonia Künün-a-Güna (Gennakenk, Gennaken) Küwach-a-Güna Mecharnúekenk Aónikenk (Zuidelijke Tehuelche) Teushen (Tehues), extinct, formerly Tierra del Fuego Selk'nam (Ona), Tierra del Fuego Yaro (Jaro) Fjords and channels of Patagonia Alacaluf (Kaweshkar, Halakwulup), Chile Chono (Guaiteco), formerly Chiloé Archipelago, Chile Yaghan (Yamana), Tierra del Fuego Caucahue (poorly known, possibly a partiality of Kaweshkar or Chono) Bahasa Artikel utama: Bahasa asli Amerika Bahasa Pribumi Amerika (atau Bahasa Amerindian) dituturkan oleh masyarakat adat dari ujung selatan Amerika Selatan hingga Alaska dan Greenland, yang meliputi daratan yang membentuk Amerika. Bahasa-bahasa Pribumi ini terdiri dari lusinan rumpun bahasa yang berbeda serta banyak bahasa terisolasi dan bahasa-bahasa yang tidak diklasifikasikan. Banyak usulan untuk mengelompokkan mereka ke dalam keluarga tingkat yang lebih tinggi telah dibuat. Menurut UNESCO, sebagian besar bahasa Pribumi Amerika di Amerika Utara sangat terancam punah dan banyak di antaranya sudah punah.[74] Klasifikasi genetik Artikel utama: Sejarah genetik masyarakat adat Amerika Informasi lebih lanjut: haplogroup Y-DNA pada masyarakat adat Amerika Haplogroup yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan Penduduk Asli Amerika adalah Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA).[75] Y-DNA, seperti (mtDNA), berbeda dari kromosom inti lainnya karena sebagian besar kromosom Y bersifat unik dan tidak bergabung kembali selama meiosis. Hal ini berdampak pada pola historis mutasi yang dapat dipelajari dengan lebih mudah.[76] Pola tersebut menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat adat di Amerika mengalami dua episode genetik yang sangat berbeda; pertama dengan pendudukan awal di Amerika, dan kedua dengan kolonisasi Eropa di Amerika.[77][78] Faktor pertama adalah faktor penentu jumlah garis keturunan gen dan haplotipe pendiri yang ada pada populasi penduduk asli Amerika saat ini.[77] Pemukiman manusia di Amerika terjadi secara bertahap mulai dari garis pantai laut Bering, dengan persinggahan awal selama 20.000 tahun di Beringia untuk populasi pendirinya.[79][80] Keanekaragaman mikro-satelit dan distribusi garis keturunan Y yang spesifik di Amerika Selatan menunjukkan bahwa populasi Amerindian tertentu telah terisolasi sejak awal kolonisasi wilayah tersebut.[81] Populasi Na-Dené, Inuit, dan Penduduk Asli Alaska menunjukkan mutasi haplogroup Q (Y-DNA), namun berbeda dari penduduk asli Amerika lainnya dengan berbagai mutasi mtDNA. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa migran paling awal ke wilayah ekstrem utara Amerika Utara dan Greenland berasal dari populasi yang datang kemudian.[85]